The Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage systematically documents the reforms of its member countries and other countries that have expanded health coverage through demand-side financing. The case studies contained in these pages are brief, comparative and modular in nature, describing the key highlights and technical features of each program.
Compare various dimensions of country reform efforts using our interactive tool.
| Program | Types of benefits | Benefits package |
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| Vietnam: Compulsory and Voluntary Health Insurance Schemes |
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HCFP offers a comprehensive benefits package that includes both inpatient and outpatient care. Excluded are interventions covered by vertical programs such as HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, treatments not yet approved by the MoH, various “luxury” interventions such as cosmetic surgery, certain dental procedures, and treatment of self-inflicted injuries and drug addiction, among others. Read full sectionHCFP offers a comprehensive benefits package that includes both inpatient and outpatient care. Excluded are interventions covered by vertical programs such as HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, treatments not yet approved by the MoH, various “luxury” interventions such as cosmetic surgery, certain dental procedures, and treatment of self-inflicted injuries and drug addiction, among others. The benefits package is essentially the same for everyone, except the poor, children under 6, pensioners, and meritorious persons who are exempted from copayment or have lower copayment rate. The following services are covered under all health programs: medical consultation, diagnosis and treatment, X-ray and laboratory tests, functional examination, imaging diagnosis, drugs listed by the MoH, blood and transfusion, surgery, antenatal examination and delivery. In addition to these items, the insurance also covers the cost (up to a certain limit) of a defined list of high-technology treatments (including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hemodialysis and laser surgery among a total of 177 specified high-tech procedures). The following exemptions, some of which are covered by the national target programs, are imposed: leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, schizophrenia, epilepsy, STD, vaccination, convalescence, early-detected pregnancy, medical check-ups, family planning services and infertility treatments, prosthesis, aesthetic surgery, artificial arm, leg, tooth, glasses, hearing-aid machines, occupational diseases, war injuries, accidents at work place, treatment for suicide, self-inflicted injuries, drug addiction, medical appraisal, forensic appraisal, mental examination, home care, rehabilitation and delivery. Compulsory and Voluntary Health Insurance SchemesBenefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive HCFP offers a comprehensive benefits package that includes both inpatient and outpatient care. Excluded are interventions covered by vertical programs such as HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, treatments not yet approved by the MoH, various “luxury” interventions such as cosmetic surgery, certain dental procedures, and treatment of self-inflicted injuries and drug addiction, among others. The benefits package is essentially the same for everyone, except the poor, children under 6, pensioners, and meritorious persons who are exempted from copayment or have lower copayment rate. The following services are covered under all health programs: medical consultation, diagnosis and treatment, X-ray and laboratory tests, functional examination, imaging diagnosis, drugs listed by the MoH, blood and transfusion, surgery, antenatal examination and delivery. In addition to these items, the insurance also covers the cost (up to a certain limit) of a defined list of high-technology treatments (including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hemodialysis and laser surgery among a total of 177 specified high-tech procedures). The following exemptions, some of which are covered by the national target programs, are imposed: leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, schizophrenia, epilepsy, STD, vaccination, convalescence, early-detected pregnancy, medical check-ups, family planning services and infertility treatments, prosthesis, aesthetic surgery, artificial arm, leg, tooth, glasses, hearing-aid machines, occupational diseases, war injuries, accidents at work place, treatment for suicide, self-inflicted injuries, drug addiction, medical appraisal, forensic appraisal, mental examination, home care, rehabilitation and delivery. |
| Estonia: Estonian Health Insurance Fund |
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The EHIF covers a broad range of services, including family physicians services, in- and out-patient care, long-term care, rehabilitation, and prescription drugs. Children through 19 years of age are also eligible for free dental care, including preventive and curative services. Meanwhile, adults receive partial reimbursement for dental care. Read full sectionThe EHIF covers a broad range of services, including family physicians services, in- and out-patient care, long-term care, rehabilitation, and prescription drugs. Children through 19 years of age are also eligible for free dental care, including preventive and curative services. Meanwhile, adults receive partial reimbursement for dental care. All Estonians register on a family doctor’s practice list. Doctors can refuse to add a patient if the patient lives outside the practice region or when the practice list is full. In 2005 only 13% of patients changed doctors and these cases were primarily due to a change in residence. Family doctors are required to hold a minimum of 20 visiting hours per week and the practice must remain open at least eight hours per day. Patients must get access to their doctor within one day for acute problems and within three days for chronic conditions. If certain services are not available in Estonia, patients can seek care abroad. In non-urgent situations, patients must seek approval from the EHIF. The service must be medically justifiable and must be proven efficacious with a probability of success of at least 50%. In order to add new benefits to be covered under EHIF, the managerial board conducts an evaluation process and recommends services to the supervisory board, which then proposes them to the Ministry of Social Affairs where they are reviewed and sent to the government for approval once per year. There are four criteria for including or excluding services from the benefits package:
Estonian Health Insurance FundBenefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive The EHIF covers a broad range of services, including family physicians services, in- and out-patient care, long-term care, rehabilitation, and prescription drugs. Children through 19 years of age are also eligible for free dental care, including preventive and curative services. Meanwhile, adults receive partial reimbursement for dental care. All Estonians register on a family doctor’s practice list. Doctors can refuse to add a patient if the patient lives outside the practice region or when the practice list is full. In 2005 only 13% of patients changed doctors and these cases were primarily due to a change in residence. Family doctors are required to hold a minimum of 20 visiting hours per week and the practice must remain open at least eight hours per day. Patients must get access to their doctor within one day for acute problems and within three days for chronic conditions. If certain services are not available in Estonia, patients can seek care abroad. In non-urgent situations, patients must seek approval from the EHIF. The service must be medically justifiable and must be proven efficacious with a probability of success of at least 50%. In order to add new benefits to be covered under EHIF, the managerial board conducts an evaluation process and recommends services to the supervisory board, which then proposes them to the Ministry of Social Affairs where they are reviewed and sent to the government for approval once per year. There are four criteria for including or excluding services from the benefits package:
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| Indonesia: Jamkesmas |
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Jamkesmas offers a comprehensive benefits package, including both inpatient and outpatient care, as well as maternal and preventive care. In terms of medication, enrollees are only entitled to coverage for drugs from specific formularies and must opt for generic drugs when filling prescriptions. Exclusions from the Jamkesmas benefits package include cosmetic surgery, annual physical check-ups, alternative medicine, dental prosthesis and fertility treatment. Cancer treatment and treatment for heart related problems are also limited. Read full sectionJamkesmas offers a comprehensive benefits package, including both inpatient and outpatient care, as well as maternal and preventive care. In terms of medication, enrollees are only entitled to coverage for drugs from specific formularies and must opt for generic drugs when filling prescriptions. Exclusions from the Jamkesmas benefits package include cosmetic surgery, annual physical check-ups, alternative medicine, dental prosthesis and fertility treatment. Cancer treatment and treatment for heart related problems are also limited. Overall, free access to many providers—both private and public—and a comprehensive benefits package make Jamkesmas more attractive to the majority of the population—even those covered under Askes and Jamsostek. A recent survey in early 2008 entitled “Study on Benefit Package Based on Community’s Preference” conducted by Center for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management at the University of Gadjah Mada has shown that 79.8 % of people who were already enrolled with health insurance schemes, such as Askes and Jamsostek, preferred to be entitled with Jamkesmas benefits as they felt the coverage provided under Jamkesmas was superior to that provided under their existing plan. JamkesmasBenefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive Jamkesmas offers a comprehensive benefits package, including both inpatient and outpatient care, as well as maternal and preventive care. In terms of medication, enrollees are only entitled to coverage for drugs from specific formularies and must opt for generic drugs when filling prescriptions. Exclusions from the Jamkesmas benefits package include cosmetic surgery, annual physical check-ups, alternative medicine, dental prosthesis and fertility treatment. Cancer treatment and treatment for heart related problems are also limited. Overall, free access to many providers—both private and public—and a comprehensive benefits package make Jamkesmas more attractive to the majority of the population—even those covered under Askes and Jamsostek. A recent survey in early 2008 entitled “Study on Benefit Package Based on Community’s Preference” conducted by Center for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management at the University of Gadjah Mada has shown that 79.8 % of people who were already enrolled with health insurance schemes, such as Askes and Jamsostek, preferred to be entitled with Jamkesmas benefits as they felt the coverage provided under Jamkesmas was superior to that provided under their existing plan. |
| Kyrgyz Republic: Mandatory Health Insurance Fund (MHIF) |
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Entitlements of coverage under the MHIF were introduced under the State Guarantee Benefits Package (SGBP). The specifications of the SGBP are the following:
Entitlements of coverage under the MHIF were introduced under the State Guarantee Benefits Package (SGBP). The specifications of the SGBP are the following:
The Additional Drug Package (ADP) was introduced in 2000 as a way of reinforcing the importance of primary care. It started in seven pharmacies and was slowly rolled out to the entire country by 2003. The ADP is an outpatient drug benefit for those insured with the MHIF, which initially included 37 generic drugs but has expanded since. To purchase drugs through the ADP, the patient pays a discounted price at the pharmacy and the MHIF reimburses the pharmacy for the difference. The subsidy amount is based on a reference price and is approximately 50% of the reference price. Mandatory Health Insurance Fund (MHIF)Benefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive Entitlements of coverage under the MHIF were introduced under the State Guarantee Benefits Package (SGBP). The specifications of the SGBP are the following:
The Additional Drug Package (ADP) was introduced in 2000 as a way of reinforcing the importance of primary care. It started in seven pharmacies and was slowly rolled out to the entire country by 2003. The ADP is an outpatient drug benefit for those insured with the MHIF, which initially included 37 generic drugs but has expanded since. To purchase drugs through the ADP, the patient pays a discounted price at the pharmacy and the MHIF reimburses the pharmacy for the difference. The subsidy amount is based on a reference price and is approximately 50% of the reference price. |
| Rwanda: Mutuelles de Sante |
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The benefits package in Rwanda has two primary parts: the Minimum Package of Activities (MPA) and the Complementary Package of Activities (CPA). The MPA covers all services and drugs provided at the health centers including pre- and post-natal care, vaccinations, family planning, minor surgical operations, and essential and generic drugs. All individuals in Rwanda with health insurance are entitled to comprehensive, subsidized preventative care through the MPA. The CPA covers a limited number of services at the district hospitals, including the cost of hospitalization, caesarian operations, minor and major surgical operations, medical imaging, and all diseases afflicting children ages 0 to 5 years. Read full sectionThe benefits package in Rwanda has two primary parts: the Minimum Package of Activities (MPA) and the Complementary Package of Activities (CPA). The MPA covers all services and drugs provided at the health centers including pre- and post-natal care, vaccinations, family planning, minor surgical operations, and essential and generic drugs. All individuals in Rwanda with health insurance are entitled to comprehensive, subsidized preventative care through the MPA. The CPA covers a limited number of services at the district hospitals, including the cost of hospitalization, caesarian operations, minor and major surgical operations, medical imaging, and all diseases afflicting children ages 0 to 5 years. As of 2006, the CPA benefits package was extended to cover select services in national hospitals. In order to receive these benefits, individuals must be referred from the health centers to district or national level hospitals. Mutuelle members are entitled to comprehensive benefits for primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care provided through public or private non-profit contracted facilities. The scheme provides basic services such as family planning, pre-natal care, consultations, basic laboratory examinations, generic drugs, and hospital treatment. All medications from hospitals are also included in the benefits. For those covered under RAMA, benefits include all the major preventative services in addition to all curative services and pharmaceuticals. The benefits package for MMI is the same as RAMA, with the addition of prostheses coverage added under MMI. Excluded are contact lenses and braces as well as cosmetic surgery for purely aesthetic reasons. RAMA and MMI have signed contracts with all public health centers and reference hospitals, as well as 16 private institutions. MMI has the added advantage of using military hospitals, thus, individuals covered under these plans are able to access health care benefits at almost all health centers in Rwanda. Mutuelles de SanteBenefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive The benefits package in Rwanda has two primary parts: the Minimum Package of Activities (MPA) and the Complementary Package of Activities (CPA). The MPA covers all services and drugs provided at the health centers including pre- and post-natal care, vaccinations, family planning, minor surgical operations, and essential and generic drugs. All individuals in Rwanda with health insurance are entitled to comprehensive, subsidized preventative care through the MPA. The CPA covers a limited number of services at the district hospitals, including the cost of hospitalization, caesarian operations, minor and major surgical operations, medical imaging, and all diseases afflicting children ages 0 to 5 years. As of 2006, the CPA benefits package was extended to cover select services in national hospitals. In order to receive these benefits, individuals must be referred from the health centers to district or national level hospitals. Mutuelle members are entitled to comprehensive benefits for primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care provided through public or private non-profit contracted facilities. The scheme provides basic services such as family planning, pre-natal care, consultations, basic laboratory examinations, generic drugs, and hospital treatment. All medications from hospitals are also included in the benefits. For those covered under RAMA, benefits include all the major preventative services in addition to all curative services and pharmaceuticals. The benefits package for MMI is the same as RAMA, with the addition of prostheses coverage added under MMI. Excluded are contact lenses and braces as well as cosmetic surgery for purely aesthetic reasons. RAMA and MMI have signed contracts with all public health centers and reference hospitals, as well as 16 private institutions. MMI has the added advantage of using military hospitals, thus, individuals covered under these plans are able to access health care benefits at almost all health centers in Rwanda. |
| Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |
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The basic benefits package is fairly extensive and purports to cover 95% of all health problems reported in Ghanaian health care facilities, though there is a noticeable emphasis on female reproductive health. Expensive, highly specialized care such as dialysis and organ transplants are not covered by the NHIS. ARVs for the treatment of HIV/AIDS are also not covered as these drugs are supplied by a separate government program. Read full sectionThe basic benefits package is fairly extensive and purports to cover 95% of all health problems reported in Ghanaian health care facilities, though there is a noticeable emphasis on female reproductive health. Expensive, highly specialized care such as dialysis and organ transplants are not covered by the NHIS. ARVs for the treatment of HIV/AIDS are also not covered as these drugs are supplied by a separate government program. The health services covered by the NHIS are laid out in the minimum basic benefits package. The list also delineates prescribed medicines. Benefits for maternity care include antenatal care, caesarean sections, and postnatal care for up to six months after birth. Treatment for breast and cervical cancer are included in the package, although treatment for other cancers is not. NHIS Benefits Package Outpatient services
Inpatient services
Oral health
Maternity care
Emergencies
Exclusions list
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)Benefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive The basic benefits package is fairly extensive and purports to cover 95% of all health problems reported in Ghanaian health care facilities, though there is a noticeable emphasis on female reproductive health. Expensive, highly specialized care such as dialysis and organ transplants are not covered by the NHIS. ARVs for the treatment of HIV/AIDS are also not covered as these drugs are supplied by a separate government program. The health services covered by the NHIS are laid out in the minimum basic benefits package. The list also delineates prescribed medicines. Benefits for maternity care include antenatal care, caesarean sections, and postnatal care for up to six months after birth. Treatment for breast and cervical cancer are included in the package, although treatment for other cancers is not. NHIS Benefits Package Outpatient services
Inpatient services
Oral health
Maternity care
Emergencies
Exclusions list
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| Nigeria: National Health Insurance System |
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The benefits package for the National Health Insurance Scheme for workers in the formal sector is pre-determined and includes:
The benefits package for the National Health Insurance Scheme for workers in the formal sector is pre-determined and includes:
Exclusions for the package include:
The benefits packages for the informal program of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) are determined by the stakeholders through a process of consensus building. Members determine the benefits package according to local needs. National Health Insurance SystemBenefits package Types of Benefits: Comprehensive The benefits package for the National Health Insurance Scheme for workers in the formal sector is pre-determined and includes:
Exclusions for the package include:
The benefits packages for the informal program of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) are determined by the stakeholders through a process of consensus building. Members determine the benefits package according to local needs. |
| Kenya: National Hospital Insurance Fund |
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The benefits package includes coverage of inpatient expenses with the share of expenses covered determined largely by the type of hospital. The NHIF’s hospital network is broken into three tiers of hospitals. At “Contract A” hospitals, which include primarily government hospitals, NHIF beneficiaries receive comprehensive cover with no overall limit on the amount of benefits received. Read full sectionThe benefits package includes coverage of inpatient expenses with the share of expenses covered determined largely by the type of hospital. The NHIF’s hospital network is broken into three tiers of hospitals. At “Contract A” hospitals, which include primarily government hospitals, NHIF beneficiaries receive comprehensive cover with no overall limit on the amount of benefits received. At “Contract B” hospitals, which include certain non-state providers (e.g., non-profit private hospitals, mission hospitals, and private hospitals in rural areas or areas not sufficiently served by the public sector), coverage remains comprehensive, but an annual limit of 432,000 KES per member (including the member and all dependents) applies. At “Contract B” hospitals, certain high cost surgeries may also carry a co-pay, which can be as high as 80% of the professional portion of the cost (with facility and hospitalization charges still covered with no co-pay). Finally, at “Contract C” hospitals, which include many higher cost private hospitals, the NHIF provides a rebate only, which generally ranges from KES 400 to KES 2,000 per day of hospitalization. Stays over 5 days in “Contract C” hospitals require prior authorization, and the total number of days covered in this type of hospital cannot exceed 180 days per beneficiary annually. The benefits package includes comprehensive medical coverage for maternity cases. NHIF works with a wide network of over 600 accredited Government, private and mission health providers spread across the country and reimburses hospital claims as per agreed contracts. In 2010, changes were gazetted that call for an increase in contributions from members. The increase in charges would include an expansion of services to outpatient care, including unlimited general consultation with doctors, unlimited prescribed laboratory tests, medicines, as well as coverage of all costs related to diseases that require specialists, and the unlimited management of chronic illnesses and ailments such as HIV/AIDs, diabetes, and hypertension. These changes in member contributions and services are under judicial review and have not yet been fully implemented. Preventative care currently falls outside of the NHIF and under the purview of the Ministry of Health. Preventative care available to all Kenyans includes a number of services that were originally defined under the NHSSP 2. The benefits extended to the population depend on cohort life stage, and are provided primarily by the Ministry of Health (MOH), local governments, and parastatal organizations. National Hospital Insurance FundBenefits package Types of Benefits: Primarily Inpatient The benefits package includes coverage of inpatient expenses with the share of expenses covered determined largely by the type of hospital. The NHIF’s hospital network is broken into three tiers of hospitals. At “Contract A” hospitals, which include primarily government hospitals, NHIF beneficiaries receive comprehensive cover with no overall limit on the amount of benefits received. At “Contract B” hospitals, which include certain non-state providers (e.g., non-profit private hospitals, mission hospitals, and private hospitals in rural areas or areas not sufficiently served by the public sector), coverage remains comprehensive, but an annual limit of 432,000 KES per member (including the member and all dependents) applies. At “Contract B” hospitals, certain high cost surgeries may also carry a co-pay, which can be as high as 80% of the professional portion of the cost (with facility and hospitalization charges still covered with no co-pay). Finally, at “Contract C” hospitals, which include many higher cost private hospitals, the NHIF provides a rebate only, which generally ranges from KES 400 to KES 2,000 per day of hospitalization. Stays over 5 days in “Contract C” hospitals require prior authorization, and the total number of days covered in this type of hospital cannot exceed 180 days per beneficiary annually. The benefits package includes comprehensive medical coverage for maternity cases. NHIF works with a wide network of over 600 accredited Government, private and mission health providers spread across the country and reimburses hospital claims as per agreed contracts. In 2010, changes were gazetted that call for an increase in contributions from members. The increase in charges would include an expansion of services to outpatient care, including unlimited general consultation with doctors, unlimited prescribed laboratory tests, medicines, as well as coverage of all costs related to diseases that require specialists, and the unlimited management of chronic illnesses and ailments such as HIV/AIDs, diabetes, and hypertension. These changes in member contributions and services are under judicial review and have not yet been fully implemented. Preventative care currently falls outside of the NHIF and under the purview of the Ministry of Health. Preventative care available to all Kenyans includes a number of services that were originally defined under the NHSSP 2. The benefits extended to the population depend on cohort life stage, and are provided primarily by the Ministry of Health (MOH), local governments, and parastatal organizations. |
| India: Rajiv Aarogyasri |
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The Aarogyasri benefits package includes 942 surgical procedures and 144 medical diseases. The system is entirely cashless and there is no deductible or co-payment for seeking care. Read full sectionThe Aarogyasri benefits package includes 942 surgical procedures and 144 medical diseases. The system is entirely cashless and there is no deductible or co-payment for seeking care. 30 groups of doctors from the Government and corporate hospital sectors were consulted to develop the benefits package for Aarogyasri. Through a series of these consultations, Aarogyasri benefits have been agreed upon to include 389 surgical procedures and 144 medical diseases. A list of all benefits and associated reimbursement to hospitals can be found on the Aarogyasri web site. There is no deductible or co-payment for seeking care, and because the system is entirely cashless patients are admitted, treated, and discharged without exchanging any money. Immediate pre- and post-operative expenditures are included in package rates to minimize the other financial expenses to the patient. Rajiv AarogyasriBenefits package Types of Benefits: Primarily Inpatient The Aarogyasri benefits package includes 942 surgical procedures and 144 medical diseases. The system is entirely cashless and there is no deductible or co-payment for seeking care. 30 groups of doctors from the Government and corporate hospital sectors were consulted to develop the benefits package for Aarogyasri. Through a series of these consultations, Aarogyasri benefits have been agreed upon to include 389 surgical procedures and 144 medical diseases. A list of all benefits and associated reimbursement to hospitals can be found on the Aarogyasri web site. There is no deductible or co-payment for seeking care, and because the system is entirely cashless patients are admitted, treated, and discharged without exchanging any money. Immediate pre- and post-operative expenditures are included in package rates to minimize the other financial expenses to the patient. |